Задание 3

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1,2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Russia has a long and proud history of scientific and technical progress, with many significant discoveries and innovations to its name. From the early development of the periodic table to the modern-day space program, Russian scientists and engineers have contributed greatly to the advancement of technology and knowledge.

In recent years, Russia has also made strides in the fields of artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and renewable energy. With its strong focus on education and research, Russia is poised to continue making important contributions to scientific and technological progress in the years to come.

One of the most notable achievements in Russia’s scientific history was the invention of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957. This groundbreaking achievement marked the beginning of the space race and demonstrated the technological capabilities of the Soviet Union. Since then, Russia has continued to make significant contributions to space exploration, including the launch of the first manned spacecraft and the development of the International Space Station.

In addition to space exploration, Russia has also made major strides in other areas of science and technology. For example, Russian scientists were instrumental in the development of the periodic table, which is still used today as the basis for understanding the properties and behavior of chemical elements. Russian physicists have also made significant contributions to our understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe, with notable figures such as Lev Landau and Andrei Sakharov winning Nobel Prizes for their work.

However, despite these achievements, Russia’s scientific and technical progress has not been without its challenges. One major issue has been brain drain, where talented scientists and engineers emigrate to other countries in search of better opportunities and working conditions. This has led to a loss of expertise and knowledge in key areas of science and technology, which can have long-term consequences for the country’s competitiveness and innovation.

Another challenge has been the lack of investment in science and technology, particularly in recent years. While Russia’s Soviet-era science and technology infrastructure was highly advanced, much of it has since fallen into disrepair or become outdated. This has made it difficult for Russian scientists and engineers to stay at the forefront of their fields, and has limited the country’s ability to compete with other nations in terms of technological innovation and development.

Despite these challenges, there are still reasons for optimism about Russia’s scientific and technical progress. The country has a wealth of talented scientists and engineers, and has continued to make significant advancements in areas such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and nuclear technology. Additionally, recent government initiatives to boost investment in science and technology, such as the creation of the Skolkovo Innovation Center, show that there is a growing recognition of the importance of these fields for the country’s future.

In conclusion, Russia has a rich history of scientific and technical progress, with many notable achievements in fields ranging from space exploration to fundamental physics. However, the country has also faced challenges such as brain drain and underinvestment, which have limited its ability to stay at the forefront of global scientific and technological innovation. Despite these challenges, there are still reasons for optimism about the future of Russian science and technology, and continued investment and support for these fields will be crucial for the country’s long-term competitiveness and success.